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Rabu, 26 Agustus 2015


Tanaman Sansevieria Sebagai Media Pereduksi Radiasi Gelombang Elektromagnetik Alat-Alat Elektronik

 

ABSTRAK

oleh

Melania Krisna Nawangsasi

 


Keberadaan alat-alat elektronik sangat menunjang kehidupan. Alat-alat tersebut juga memancarkan radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik yang membahayakan kesehatan tubuh. Tanaman sansevieria dinilai berpotensi untuk mereduksi radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik yang dipancarkan oleh alat-alat elektronik karena kandungan kimia yang dimiliki. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: 1) pengaruh EMF terhadap kesehatan tubuh, 2) bagaimana sansevieria mampu mereduksi radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kajian pustaka dengan memanfaatkan sumber-sumber tertulis berupa buku dan sumber internet lain, yang memuat informasi yang terkait radiasi elektromagnetik, tanaman sansevieria, dan tanaman kaktus sebagai instrumen penelitian. Penelitian dilakukan pada tanggal 27 Januari 2015 sampai 6 Maret 2015. Pengumpulan data pustaka dilakukan di SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo dan Desa Bandung, Kecamatan Kutoarjo.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa EMF membahayakan kesehatan. Radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik atau EMF dapat memicu munculnya electrical sensitivity (reaksi hipersensitivitas terhadap radiasi elektromagnetik). Pengaruh yang timbul bisa bersifat ringan hingga berat dan membahayakan hidup. Tanaman sansevieria memiliki kandungan kimia yang bersifat antiradiasi ultraviolet dan antioksidan (antiradikal bebas) yang dapat mereduksi radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik dan mengurangi risiko kesehatan yang ditimbulkan olehnya.

Kata Kunci : radiasi elektromagnetik, sansevieria, antioksidan.

My first published-short-story. Enjoy it! ;)


The Real One


In a housing in the suburbs, there lived a girl named Angelica. People called her Ellie and she was 9 years old. She lived in a modest house, like the other houses, along with her parents and her younger sister. Ellie known as a pretty and smart girl. She was also cheerful and friendly. She had many friends. In her school, Oak City Elementary School, she was known by almost of the teachers and peers. It was reasonable.
One evening, there was a new family moved into a house near Ellie’s. Coincidently, the house was faced with Ellie’s. The familiy had a child named Nathan. He was the only child. He would lived in that house with his parents and his grandmother. Nathan was closer with his grandmother than his parents whom busy to works. Nathan’s family presence was interested Ellie to came. It was a rarely to have people moving into those housing area. Ellie asked her mother to take her there.
“Hi,” Ellie said.
“Oh, hello. What are you doing here, Sweety? Do you want to visit?” Nathan's mother said friendly.
“Hi. I just take her here. She said she wanted to look around. She was curious with new people. I'm sorry if we bother you,” Ellie’s mother replied.
“Oh, no. No problem, it’s okay. What's your name?” Nathan’s father asked Ellie..
“I am Ellie,” she smiled.
“Ellie? How old are you, Dear?” Nathan’s grandmother whom was looking the flowers said.
“I am nine years old. I lived in that house,” said Ellie, pointing to her house.
“Oh really? Nathan is also nine. Do you want to play with him?" Nathan’s mother said.
“Who is Nathan?” asked Ellie, curiously.
“My son,” Nathan’s mother answered.
“Oh. Yes I do. I'm glad to have a new friend," Ellie answered with enthusiasm.
“Ellie, let’s go home first. Let them to tidy up their stuff first. It’s okay to play another time,” urged Ellie’s mother.
“It's okay, no need to hastily. Moreover also let Nathan have a new friend. So let it be, just a little while anyway. You can leave her, she'll be fine here,” said Nathan’s mother again.
“Okay, then. I'm sorry for the troublesome,” Ellie’s mother said, “I’ll go home first. Do not bother them,” she said to Ellie.
Ellie just smiled and looked at her mother. She was very eager to got acquainted with Nathan.
“Nathan, come here a minute,” said Nathan’s mother.
“What, ma'am?” he said.
Ellie was enchanted on the first sight. She was enchanted by a couple of beautiful eyes belonged to the boy.
“Hi,” said Ellie without waiting for Nathan’s mother answer his question.
“Nathan, come on. She was our neighbor. You must be good friends,” said Nathan’s mother.
“What? Friend? A girl? Oh no!” said Nathan to himself.
All these time he was rarely made friends with girls. If it were so, it would have been just as classmates. But never was much chatter or games which he did with the girls. Even with the boys were so. He was very picky to made friends. Only the certain children whom could and wanted to be his friends.
Vigorously Ellie stretched out her hand, she wanted to acquainted with Nathan. “Hi, my name is Ellie. I stayed at the house over there. Glad to meet you,” said Ellie friendly.
Long time no response from Nathan. He was silent and just looked at ellie. He was still stucked in the imagination of having a girl friend.
“Nathan, come on. Don’t make Ellie waiting for you,” said the Nathan’s father.
Lazily Nathan raised his hand and shook Ellie’s hand. “Hi, I am Nathan. Nice to meet you too,” Nathan answered, flat almost without expression whatsoever.
Nathan’s parents still busy tidying their luggage. Nathan whom were still reluctant to played with Ellie, pretended to helped his parents. Just to made Ellie felt that she was unwelcome there. Until all things tidied up, Nathan still pretended that he was busy.
“Nathan let’s getting in first, you have to take a rest. You have school tomorrow,” Nathan’s mother said from inside the house.
Nathan felt like he was rescued from the nuisance of the weird child, Ellie. He was hurry to got into the house. Ellie didn’t move from the place she stood. She was still fascinated with the beautiful brown eye-balls. She really wanted to be friends with Nathan. However, she could not keep standing in front of her new neighbor’s house. Finally she decided to went home.

***


The next morning at school, Ellie met again with Nathan. She was very happy to knew that Nathan was in the same school and became her classmate. But, Nathan, knowing he would be Ellie’s classmate made him felt very fortuneless. Imagine that each day he would met that nosy girl made him uncomfortable.
In class, Ellie remains the same. She tried to keep in touch Nathan, trying to made friends with him. However Nathan looked like a polar refrigerator in the class. He looked not an eye with his new friends. After a week, only Ellie who approached him. The other just treated him like classmates, not a playmate. Every break, he came to the cafeteria alone. He came home alone.
A month passed, Nathan got bored. He felt so lonely because he had no friends to chat. He told this to his grandmother.
“Maybe you need a little change. Your friends may be happy if there was a friendly and energetic Nathan, try it,” his grandmother suggested.
“It maybe true,” replied Nathan inside his heart.
In the morning, he tried his grandmother's suggestion. It is true, in the next week, he has already joined with their group. A week later he had a friend, a boy, Kyle. He felt better. However, in the next month, he felt lonely again.
“Grandma, I’ve tried to make a friendship with all the boys in my class. I also have a bestfriend. But why do I still feel lonely? Sometimes I feel like a stranger,” chirped Nathan to his grandmother.
“Don’t you make a friendship with other children as well? Did you just make relationship with the boy only?” said her grandmother, hoping Nathan understood what she meant.
Nathan understood. The next day, he tried to get along with some girls too. He does not want to be a foreign child in the class. A week later, they were already quite close. At least if compared to the Nathan’s first day in the classroom. But at the end of the month, Nathan complained again to his grandmother.
“Grandma, I’ve tried everything you said. But I feel there is still one thing that faze me. I do not feel like a stranger anymore. But sometimes, I still feel uncomfortable,” said Nathan.
“Are you sure? Are you sure you’ve been friends with all of them?” said his grandmother.
Nathan remembered, he did not make a friendship with all of them. There is still one person that he didn’t wanna talk about. His classmates who was very annoying. Ellie. Nathan was not sure he wanted to be friends with Ellie. Every day disturbed by Ellie made him saturated. But then he realized, that Ellie looks different this two weeks. She seldom came to him. Nathan remember, his last time talked to Ellie, he asked her not to disturb him again. Nathan also remembered how Ellie’s expression that time, she looked very disappointed. However unwittingly, Nathan missed her. He felt uncomfortable because there was a difference. No one who diligently greeted him, teased, or just annoyed him anymore. Even Kyle was not greeted him everyday even though they are bestfriend.
Finally, Nathan admitted that he missed Ellie’s warmth to him. But he was too prestige to started a conversation with Ellie. Nathan just hid away the discomfort, he covered it up for several months.

***


In one afternoon, on their first day back to school after the holidays, Ellie’s tire deflated. She did not know what to do, she did not dare to walked alone because the dusk was starting darkened. Nathan saw that. In his heart, he saw a chance to start a conversation with her. Nathan asked if Ellie wanted to went home with him.
“What? No thanks. If you want help me, you can go home first and tell my parents to pick me up,” said Ellie.
“But, it will take a long time. I think it’s better if we go home now. Before it’s getting darker,” said Nathan.
Ellie finally agreed, they went home together. Nathan took his chance to recovered their friendship. They talk a lot on their way home, they were getting more and more chummy. And it was a great day that was the beginning of a fabulous friendship. When they almost their, Nathan asked Ellie.
“Hmm, do you think we could be friends?” said Nathan shy.
“What? Hmm, well.... I’m not sure. I guess you’re upset with my presence. I am very annoying, right?” Ellie replied. She smiled, freak!
“Yes... I’ve always felt you were very disturbing,” said Nathan.
“How about now? Are you not worried that I’m going to bother you again?” said Ellie.
“Yes..... a little,” answered Nathan. They laughed together. “But I'm more worried if I would just feel more and more uncomfortable,” said Nathan.
“Why you should feel uncomfortable?” asked Ellie.
“I’m happy now, because I can make friendships with all the children in the class. But i think, I need real friends. Who true-hearted to be my friends. That still consider me a friend even when I do not consider them. I need something like that. I want you to want to be my friend,” said Nathan. He bowed his head, ashamed to admit it.
“Hahaha, are you kidding me? I may not be a good friend,” she answered shortly.
Nathan lifted his head. “Maybe. So do I. But, at least you have a sincerity. You also have such spirit. I wish you give me a little. Hahaha,” said Nathan. He was speechless and thought that an error had been happened inside his brain. Then he continued his words, “It doesn’t mean that I want you to be my friend just because I want to exploit you. I think I always need a friend like you. So, will you?” he said.
Ellie smiled. She felt the strength of a couple of beautiful brown eyes that wanted her to accept that request.
“Okay, I will. Let’s be friends,” she replied, holding up her little finger.
“Okay, annoyer,” Nathan said, holding up his little finger. “Let’s be friend forever,” he said.
“Just watch and see,” said Ellie. They tied their little finger and laughed together loudly.
Nathan’s grandmother, who had been watching them through the window, smiled. She was glad to know his grandson finally become a different person. He no longer picky friends. Since the first time she saw Ellie, she knew the girl had a tremendous spirit. She was convinced that the girl’s spirit could changed Nathan. She also believed that Ellie would be a true friend for Nathan.

***


Friends or bestfriends, is not about who they are, males or females, old or young, sucks or not. But they are the ones who can make us feel that we are really there, who want to waste their time just to greet us, who want to listen to our story, and not bored even though we are sucks too. We don’t need a lot of friends, we just need the real one.

Jumat, 30 Januari 2015

Militer, Kebudayaan, Sosial, dan Birokrasi Masa Pendudukan Jepang


Cuma ngeshare tugas lagi nih kawan.. semoga tetap bermanfaat ya :)

I.         Militer dan Birokrasi
Berbeda dengan zaman Hindia Belanda yang hanya terdapat satu pemerintahan sipil, pada zaman pendudukan Jepang terdapat tiga pemerintahan militer penduudukan sebagai berikut.
a.      Pemerintahan Militer Angkatan Laut (Armada Selatan Ke-2/Kaigun) untuk Sulawesi, Kalimantan, dan Maluku, dengan pusatnya di Makassar dan dipimpin oleh Laksamana Maeda.
b.      Pemerintahan Militer Angkatan Darat (Tentara Ke-25/Rikuyun) untuk Sumatera, dengan pusatnya di Bukittinggi dan dipimpin oleh Jendral Tanabe.
c.       Pemerintahan Militer Angkatan Darat (Tentara Ke-16/Gunseibu) untuk Jawa dan Madura, dengan pusatnya di Batavia/Jakarta. 
Ketiga wilayah militer Jepang di Indonesia ini berada di bawah komando panglima besar tentara Jepang untuk wilayah Asia Tenggara yang berkedudukan di Saigon, Vietnam.

Susunan pemerintahan Jepang adalah:
1.      Gunshiereikan (panglima tentara Jepang) dijabat oleh Hitoshi Imamura.
2.      Gunseikan (kepala pemerintahan militer) dijabat oleh Seizaburo Okasaki.
3.       Gunseinbu (koordinator pemerintahan militer setempat) dijabat oleh semacam gubernur
Pada setiap gunseibu ditempatkan beberapa komandan militer, yang bertugas untuk memulihkan ketertiban dan keamanan, menanam kekuasaan, dan membentuk pemerintahan setempat.
Panglima Tentara Ke-16 di Pulau Jawa ialah Letnan Jenderal Hitoshi Imamura. Kepala Stafnya ialah Mayor Jenderal Seizaburo Okasaki. Mereka mendapat tugas membentuk suatu pemerintahan militer di Jawa dan kemudian diangkat sebagai Gunseikan (kepala pemerintahan militer). Staf pemerintahan militer pusat disebut Gunseikanbu, yang terdiri dari atas 5 macam departemen (bu), yaitu sebagai berikut.
a.) Departemen Urusan Umum (Sumobu),
b.) Departemen Keuangan (Zaimubu),
c.) Departemen Perusahaan, Industri, dan Kerajinan Tangan (Sangyobu),
d.) Departemen Lalu Lintas (Kotsubu),
e.) Departemen Kehakiman (Shihobu).
Pada bulan Agustus 1942, pemerintahan militer Jepang meningkatkan penataan pemerintahan. Hal ini tampak dengan dikeluarkannya Undang-Undang No. 27 tentang aturan pemerintahan daerah dan Undang-Undang No. 28 tentang aturan pemerintahan syú dan tókubetsu syi. Kedua undang-undang tersebut menunjukkan dimulainya pemerintahan sipil Jepang di Pulau Jawa.

Menurut Undang-Undang No. 27, seluruh Pulau Jawa dan Madura, kecuali kõci (daerah istimewa) Surakarta dan Yogyakarta, dibagi atas tingkatan berikut.
a.       Karesidenan (syú) dipimpin oleh seorang syucõ.
b.      Kotapraja (syi) dipimpin oleh seorang syicõ.
c.       Kabupaten (ken) dipimpin oleh seorang kencõ.
d.      Kawedanan atau Distrik (gun) dipimpin oleh seorang guncõ.
e.       Kecamatan (son) dipimpin oleh seorang soncõ.
f.       Kelurahan atau Desa (ku) dipimpin oleh seorang kucõ.
Meningkatnya Perang Pasifik semakin melemahkan Angkatan Perang Jepang. Guna menahanan serangan Sekutu yang semakin hebat, Jepang mengubah sikapnya terhadap negeri-negeri jajahannya. Di depan Sidang Istimewa ke-82 Parlemen di Tokyo pada tanggal 16 Juni 1943, Perdana Menteri Hideki Tojo mengeluarkan kebijakan memberikan kesempatan kepada orang Indonesia untuk turut mengambil bagian dalam pemerintahan negara. Selanjutnya pada tanggal 1 Agustus 1943 dikeluarkan pengumuman Saikō Shikikan (Panglima Tertinggi) tentang garis-garis besar rencana mengikutsertakan orang-orang Indonesia dalam pemerintahan.
Pengikutsertaan bangsa Indonesia dimulai dengan pengangkatan Prof. Dr. Husein Djajadiningrat sebagai Kepala Departemen Urusan Agama pada tanggal 1 Oktober 1943. Kemudian pada tanggal 10 November 1943, Mas Sutardjo Kartohadikusumo dan R.M.T.A Suryo masing-masing diangkat menjadi syúcokan di Jakarta dan Bojonegoro. Pengangkatan tujuh penasihat (sanyō) bangsa Indonesia dilakukan pada pertengahan bulan September 1943, yaitu sebagai berikut.
a.       Ir. Soekarno untuk Departemen Urusan Umum (Somubu).
b.      Mr. Suwandi dan dr. Abdul Rasyid untuk Biro Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan dan Departemen Dalam Negeri (Naimubu-bunkyōku).
c.       Prof. Dr. Mr. Supomo untuk Departemen Kehakiman (Shihōbu).
d.      Mochtar bin Prabu Mangkunegoro untuk Departemen Lalu Lintas (Kotsubu).
e.       Mr. Muh Yamin untuk Departemen Propaganda (Sendenbu).
f.       Prawoto Sumodilogo untuk Departemen Perekonomian (Sangyobu).
Oleh karena Jepang kekurangan tenaga pemerintahan, dengan terpaksa diangkat pegawai-pegawai dari bangsa Indonesia.  Hal ini tentunya menguntungkan pihak Indonesia karena memperoleh pengalaman dalam bidang pemerintahan. Di Jawa Barat, pembesar militer Jepang menyelenggarakan pertemuan dengan para anggota Dewan Pemerintahan Daerah dengan tujuan untuk menciptakan suasana kerjasama yang baik. Gubernur Jawa Barat, Kolonel Matsui, didampingi oleh R. Pandu Suradiningrat sebagai wakil gubernur, sedangkan Atik Suardi diangkat sebagai pembantu wakil gubernur. Pada tanggal 19 April 1942, diangkat residen-residen berikut ini :
a)      R. Adipati Aria Hilman Djajadiningrat di Banten (Serang)
b)      R.A.A Surjadjajanegara di Bogor
c)      R.A.A Wiranatakusuma di Priangan (Bandung)
d)     Pangeran Ario Suriadi di Cirebon
e)      R.A.A Surjo di Pekalongan
f)       R.A.A Sudjiman Martadiredja Gandasubrata di Banyumas.

II.      Pengaruh di bidang sosial budaya
Dalam rangka “menjepangkan” bangsa Indonesia, Jepang melakukan beberapa peraturan. Dalam Undang-Undang No. 4 ditetapkan hanya bendera Jepang, Hinomaru, yang boleh dipasang pada hari-hari besar dan hanya lagu kebangsaan Kimigayo yang boleh diperdengarkan. Sejak tanggal 1 April 1942 ditetapkan harus menggunakan waktu (jam) Jepang. Perbedaan waktu antara Tokyo dan Jawa adalah 90 menit. Kemudian mulai tanggal 29 April 1942 ditetapkan bahwa kalender Jepang yang bernama Sumera. Tahun 1942 kalender Masehi, sama dengan tahun 2602 Sumera. Demikian juga setiap tahun rakyat Indonesia diwajibkan untuk merayakan hari raya Tancōsetsu, yaitu hari lahirnya Kaisar Hirohito.

Jawa Hokokai
     Tahun 1944, Panglima Tentara Keenam belas, Jenderal Kumakici Harada, menyatakan berdirinya organisasi Jawa Hokokai (Himpunan Kebaktian Jawa). Pimpinan Jawa Hokokai pada tingkat pusat dipegang langsung oleh Gunseikan. Kegiatan-kegiatan Jawa Hokokai sebagaimana digariskan dalam peraturan dasarnya adalah sebagai berikut:
1)      Melaksanakan segala sesuatu dengan nyata dan ikhlas untuk menyumbangkan segenap tenaga kepada pemerintah Jepang.
2)      Memimpin rakyat untuk menyumbangkan segenap tenaga berdasarkan semangat persaudaraan antar segala bangsa.
3)      Memperkokoh pembelaan tanah air.
Anggota Jawa Hokokai minimal berusia 14 tahun, bangsa Jepang atau bangsa Indonesia, dan pegawai negeri atau kelompok profesi. Jawa Hokokai merupakan organisasi sentral yang anggota-anggotanya terdiri dari bermacam-macam Hokokai sesuai dengan bidang profesinya. Guru-guru bergabung dalam wadah Kyoiku Hokokai (Kebaktian Para Pendidik) dan para dokter bergabung dalam wadah Izi Hokokai (Kebaktian Para Dokter). Selain itu, Jawa Hokokai juga mempunyai anggota-anggota istimewa yang terdiri atas Eujinkai (Organisasi Wanita), Keimin Bunka Shidosho (Pusat Kebudayaan), Boei Engokai (Tata Usaha Pembantu Prajurit Peta dan Heiho) serta hokokai perusahaan.

 Dalam menghadapi perang melawan Sekutu, Jepang membentuk badan-badan militer semata-mata karena kondisi militernya makin terdesak.
Situasi ini membuat Jepang melakukan konsolidasi kekuatan dengan menghimpun kekuatan dari kalangan pemuda dan pelajar Indonesia sebagai tenaga potensial yang akan diikutsertakan dalam pertempuran menghadapi Sekutu.
Berikut ini wajib militer yang dibentuk untuk membantu Jepang menghadapi Sekutu.
1)      Seinendan (Barisan Pemuda), dibentuk tanggal 9 Maret 1943 dengan anggota para pemuda usia 14-22 tahun.
2)      Keibodan (Barisan Pembantu Polisi), dibentuk tanggal 29 April 1943 dengan anggota para pemuda usia 23-25 tahun.
3)      Fujinkai (Barisan Wanita), dibentuk pada bulan Agustus 1943, dengan anggota para wanita usia 15 tahun ke atas.
4)      Gakutotai (Barisan Pelajar), anggotanya terdiri dari murid-mirid sekolah lanjutan.
5)      Heiho (Pembantu Pranjurit Jepang), dibentuk pada bulan April 1943 dengan anggota pemuda berusia 18-25 tahun.
6)      PETA (Pembela Tanah Air), dibentuk pada tanggal 3 Oktober 1943 dengan tujuan untuk memoertahankan tanah air Indonesia dari penjajahan bangsa Barat.
7)      Suisyintai (Barisan Pelopor), dibentuk pada tanggal 24 September 1944 dan diresmikan pada tanggal 25 September 1944. Tujuannya untuk meningkatkan kesiapsiagaan rakyat.
Selain itu juga dibentuk beberapa organisasi sosial kemasyarakatan guna mencari dukungan dalam memenangkan perang Asia Pasifik:
a.       Gerakan 3A, dibentuk tanggal 29 Maret 1942 dengan tujuan untuk menanamkan semangat pro-Jepang. Dipimpin oleh Mr. Syamsuddin, namun dibubarkan pada 1943 karena tidak mendapat simpati bangsa Indonesia.
b.      Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (Putera), dibentuk pada 16 Maret 1943. Dipimpin oleh Empat Serangkai (Ir. Soekarno, Drs. Moh. Hatta, K. H. Mas Mansyur, dan Ki Hajar Dewantoro). Bertujuan untuk memusatkan segala kekuatan masyarakat untuk membantu Jepang dalam melawan Sekutu, namun dibelokkan oleh tokoh-tokoh Empat Serangkai dan digunakan untuk membina semangat cinta tanah air menuu kemerdekaan, hingga akhirnya dibubarkan pada 1944.
c.       Jawa Hokokai (Kebaktian Rakyat Jawa), dibentuk pada tanggal 1 Maret 1944.
d.      Chuo Sangi In (Badan Pertimbangan), dibentuk pada 5 September 1943 dan diketuai Ir. Soekarno. Dibentuk dengan tujuan sebagai badan pertimbangan yang dapat memberi saran atau usul pada pemerintah, tapi tidak terlaksana karena campur tangan Zaimukyoku (Badan Sekretariat Khusus) yang bertugas menyaring hal-hal yang akan diusulkan pada pemerintah militer Jepang.
e.       Majelis Islam A’la Indonesia (MIAI), dibentuk pada 1937 untuk memikat orang Islam Indonesia untuk membantu Jepang, namun dibubarkan pada 24 Oktober 1943 karena lebih menguntungkan umat Islam.
f.       Majelis Syuro Muslimn Indonesia (Masyumi), sebagai ganti MIAI dan dipimpin oleh KH. Hasjim Asy’ari, KH. Mas Mansyur, dan KH. Wachid Hasjim.


*Diambil dari berbagai sumber.