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Selasa, 01 Desember 2015

Konsep kepercayaan dari kebudayaan Megalitikum dan fungsi dari masing-masing benda Megalitikum


Ð Kepercayaan : Animisme = kepercayaan pada roh nenek moyang
Roh (jiwa) tidak hanya ada pada makhluk hidup, tapi juga pada benda-benda tertentu.
Roh à ada yang baik dan jahat, agar hidup selaras dan tidak saling mengganggu maka perlu diberi sesajen.
Ð  Dibuat bangunan-bangunan sebagai sarana penghormatan dan pemujaan roh nenek moyang:
a)      Menhir
F Yaitu tiang atau tugu batu yang terbuat dari batu tunggal dan ditempatkan pada suatu tempat.
F Fungsi Menhir adalah :
a. sebagai sarana pemujaan terhadap arwah nenek moyang
b.sebagai tempat memperingati seseorang (kepala suku) yang telah       meninggal.
c. sebagai tempat menampung kedatangan roh.
F Menhir banyak ditemukan di Pasemah, Sumatera Selatan, juga di Sulawesi Tengah, dan Kalimantan.

b)     Dolmen
F Dolmen adalah meja batu sebagai tempat sesaji.
F Ada dolmen yang berkakikan menhir seperti yang ditemukan di Pasemah, Sumatera Selatan.
F Ada pula dolmen yang juga digunakan sebagai kubur batu, seperti yang ditemukan di Bondowoso dan di Merawan Jember, Jawa Timur.

c)      Arca
F Temuan arca-arca megalithik di Sumatera Selatan diteliti oleh Von Heine Geldern.
F Arca-arca tersebut menggambarkan manusia dan binatang seperti gajah, harimau, babi rusa dan monyet.

d)     Kubur batu
F Adalah peti jenasah yang terpendam di dalam tanah berbentuk persegi panjang dan sisi-sisinya dibuat dari lempengan-lempengan batu.
F Kubur peti batu ditemukan di Kuningan, Jawa Barat.

e)      Sarkofagus
F Sarkofagus atau keranda, yaitu peti jenasah yang terbentuk seperti palung atau lesung tetapi mempunyai tutup.
F Sarkofagus banyak ditemukan di Bali dan di Sumbawa Barat.

f)       Waruga
F Waruga adalah peti jenasah kecil yang berbentuk kubus yang ditutup dengan batu lain yang berbentuk atap rumah.
F Waruga banyak ditemukan di Minahasa.

g)      Punden berundak
F Punden Berundak adalah bangunan pemujaan yang bertingkat-tingkat (berundak-undak).
F Tempat pemujaan ini banyak ditemukan di daerah Cisolok, Sukabumi, juga di Lebak Si Beduk (Banten Selatan)

Hasil-hasil kebudayaan pada zaman Praaksara


a. Palaeolitikum (batu tua)
-          Alat-alat batu yang digunakan pada zaman batu tua masih sangat kasar, sebab teknik pembuatannya masih sangat sederhana, dapat digunakan untuk berbagai hal.
-          Berdasarkan nama tempat penemuannya, hasil-hasil kebudayaan zaman batu tua di Indonesia dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu :
1)      Kebudayaan Pacitan
I Ditemukan oleh Von Koenigswald, pada tahun 1935 di kali Baksoko, desa     Punung, Pacitan, Jawa Timur.
I Alat-alat batu dari Pacitan ini berupa :
a)      Kapak Genggam
Kapak tak bertangkai yang digunakan dengan cara menggenggam. Bentuknya mirip kapak perimbas dan kapak penetak, tapi lebih kecil.
b)     Kapak Perimbas
Bentuknya seperti kapak.
c)      Kapak Penetak
Mirip kapak perimbas, tapi lebih besar.
d)     Pahat Genggam
Lebih kecil dari kapak genggam.
e)      Alat Serpih (Flake)
Paling banyak ditemukan, berupa alat-alat kecil.
I Alat-alat batu tersebut berasal dari lapisan Plestosen Tengah (Lapisan dan Fauna Trinil). Pada umumnya teknik pembuatan alat-alat tersebut bercorak monofasial.
I Selain di Pacitan alat-alat batu tersebut di atas ditemukan pula di Sukabumi (Jawa Barat), di Perigi dan Gombong (Jawa Tengah), Tambangsawah (Bengkulu), Lahat (Sumatera Selatan), Awangbangkal (Kalimantan Selatan), Cabbenge (Sulawesi Selatan), dll.
I Jenis manusia pendukung adalah Pithecanthropus Erectus.


2) Kebudayaan Ngandong
IAlat-alat zaman batu tua dari Ngandong dekat Ngawi, Jawa Timur, berupa: kapak-kapak genggam dan alat-alat kecil yang disebut alat serpih (flake). Di samping itu pada Kebudayaan Ngandong ditemukan pula alat-alat dari tulang dan tanduk. Ditemukan tanduk menjangan yang diruncingkan dan duri ikan pari yang digunakan sebagai mata tombak.
I Tradisi alat tulang dan tanduk ini dilanjutkan pada zaman Mesolithikum dalam  kehidupan di gua-gua, khususnya di gua Lawa, Sampung, Ponorogo.
I Jenis manusia pendukung adalah Homo Soloensis dan Homo Wajakensis.

b.      Mesolitikum (batu tengah / madya)
-          Manusia pada zaman ini mulai menggali gua-gua.
-          Alat-alat batu dari zaman batu tua, seperti kapak genggam, pada zaman batu madya masih terus digunakan dan dikembangkan serta mendapat pengaruh dari Asia Daratan, sehingga memunculkan corak tersendiri.
-         Bahkan alat-alat tulang dan flake dari zaman batu tua, memegang peranan penting pada zaman batu madya.
-          Manusia pada zaman ini juga telah mampu membuat gerabah, yaitu benda pecah belah yang dibuat dari tanah liat yang dibakar.
-    Menurut Dr. P. V. van Stein Callenfels: Peble culture terutama di kjokkenmodingerBone culture dan Flake culture terutama di abris sous roche.
-          Berdasarkan daerah penemuannya Kebudayaan mesolitikum dapat dibagi 3, yaitu:
1.        Kebudayaan Tulang Sampung (Sampung Bone Culture) à Gua Lawa, dekat Sampung, Ponorogo, Jawa Timur
Ditemukan di abris sous roche (gua-gua menyerupai ceruk-ceruk di dalam batu karang, sbg tempat tinggal).
Misalnya:
                                                                   i.       alat-alat batu seperti mata panah dan flake,
                                                                 ii.       batu-batu penggiling
                                                               iii.       alat-alat dari tulang dan tanduk.
Peneliti di Besuki, Jawa Timur oleh Van Heekeren.

2.        Kebudayaan TOALA (Flake Culture) à Sulawesi Selatan
Alat-alat serpih (flake), mata panah bergerigi dan alat-alat tulang. Alat-alat lain, seperti batu penggiling, gerabah dan kapak Sumatera (peble). Sedangkan di daerah Priangan, Bandung ditemukan flake terbuat dari obsidian (batu hitam yang indah).
Peneliti : Fritz Sarasin dan Paul Sarasin.

3.        Kebudayaan Kapak Genggam Sumatera (Peble Culture) à Di sepanjang pesisir Sumatera Timur Laut, antara Langsa (Aceh) dan Medan
Ditemukan di kjokkenmodinger (Denmark : sampah dapur)
a)      peble (kapak genggam Sumatera)
b)      hache courte (kapak pendek)
c)      batu-batu penggiling
d)     alu dan lesung batu
e)      pisau batu
f)       Fosil Papua-Melanesoide
Peneliti : van Stein Callenfels.

c.       Neolitikum (batu muda / baru)
-      Alat-alat batu yang sudah sangat halus, karena mereka sudah mengenal teknik mengasah dan mengupam.
-          Hasil kebudayaan dibawa oleh bangsa Proto-Melayu (± 2000 SM).
-          Kebudayaan zaman batu muda di Indonesia dibagi menjadi dua golongan besar, yaitu :
1.                  Kebudayaan KAPAK PERSEGI
- Adalah kapak yang berbentuk memanjang dengan penampan lintangnya berbentuk persegi panjang atau trapesium.
- Kapak-kapak persegi ini, terutama ditemukan di Indonesia bagian BARAT, yaitu : Sumatera, Jawa dan Bali.
- Di Indonesia bagian timur Kapak persegi juga ditemukan di Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku dan sedikit di Kalimantan.
- Melalui JALAN BARAT, yaitu :
Dari Asia Daratan (Yunnan) ke Asia Tenggara – Semenanjung – Malaka – Sumatera – Jawa – Kalimantan – Sulawesi – Nusa Tenggara – Maluku.

2.                  Kebudayaan KAPAK LONJONG
Kapak lonjong adalah kapak yang penampangnya berbentuk lonjong atau bulat telur berwarna kehitam-hitaman.
Penemuan kapak lonjong di Indonesia terbatas hanya di Indonesia bagian TIMUR, yaitu : di Sulawesi, Sangihe-Talaud, Flores, Maluku, Tanibar, Leti, Maluku dan Papua.
Melalui JALAN TIMUR, yaitu dari Asia Daratan ke Cina, Jepang, Formosa (Taiwan), Filipina, Minahasa, Maluku dan Papua.

3.                  Gerabah
- Memegang peranan penting sebagai wadah untuk keperluan sehari-hari.
-  Ada pula yang dibuat indah baik bentuk maupun hiasannya. Gerabah ini banyak ditemukan di bukit-bukit kerang Sumatera dan di Pacitan.
- Di Melolo (Sumba) banyak ditemukan gerabah yang berisi tulang-benulang manusia.

4.                  Mata Panah
- Untuk berburu, masih digunakan sampai sekarang di Papua.

10 Kebudayaan Asli Indonesia Sebelum Masuknya Pengaruh Kebudayaan Dari Luar Menurut Prof. Brandes

a.      Berlayar
b.      Bercocok tanam
F Terutama padi (bersawah), mengenal irigasi.
c.       Astronomi
F Untuk kepentingan berlayar, penanggalan, musim.
d.      Wayang
F Dari kata “bayangan”, bayangan roh nenek moyang à untuk menghubungi roh nenek moyang.
e.       Seni batik
F Di daerah tertentu (pedalaman) ditemukan canting. Batik ditemukan pada tembikar, gerabah, dll.
f.       Mengolah dan mencetak logam
F Perunggu dan besi à 1) Bivalve        = berkali-kali
2)   A cire perdu = 1 x
3)   Ditempa
g.      Perdagangan secara barter
h.      Mengatur kehidupan masyarakat
F Pemilihan pemimpin secara primus interpares, mengerjakan aspek kehidupan secara komunal (bersama-sama).
F Wanua = desa
F Rama = kepala suku/desa
i.        Mengenal sistem macapat
F Terutama dalam tata ruang kota.
j.        Gamelan

Rabu, 26 Agustus 2015


Tanaman Sansevieria Sebagai Media Pereduksi Radiasi Gelombang Elektromagnetik Alat-Alat Elektronik

 

ABSTRAK

oleh

Melania Krisna Nawangsasi

 


Keberadaan alat-alat elektronik sangat menunjang kehidupan. Alat-alat tersebut juga memancarkan radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik yang membahayakan kesehatan tubuh. Tanaman sansevieria dinilai berpotensi untuk mereduksi radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik yang dipancarkan oleh alat-alat elektronik karena kandungan kimia yang dimiliki. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: 1) pengaruh EMF terhadap kesehatan tubuh, 2) bagaimana sansevieria mampu mereduksi radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kajian pustaka dengan memanfaatkan sumber-sumber tertulis berupa buku dan sumber internet lain, yang memuat informasi yang terkait radiasi elektromagnetik, tanaman sansevieria, dan tanaman kaktus sebagai instrumen penelitian. Penelitian dilakukan pada tanggal 27 Januari 2015 sampai 6 Maret 2015. Pengumpulan data pustaka dilakukan di SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo dan Desa Bandung, Kecamatan Kutoarjo.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa EMF membahayakan kesehatan. Radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik atau EMF dapat memicu munculnya electrical sensitivity (reaksi hipersensitivitas terhadap radiasi elektromagnetik). Pengaruh yang timbul bisa bersifat ringan hingga berat dan membahayakan hidup. Tanaman sansevieria memiliki kandungan kimia yang bersifat antiradiasi ultraviolet dan antioksidan (antiradikal bebas) yang dapat mereduksi radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik dan mengurangi risiko kesehatan yang ditimbulkan olehnya.

Kata Kunci : radiasi elektromagnetik, sansevieria, antioksidan.

My first published-short-story. Enjoy it! ;)


The Real One


In a housing in the suburbs, there lived a girl named Angelica. People called her Ellie and she was 9 years old. She lived in a modest house, like the other houses, along with her parents and her younger sister. Ellie known as a pretty and smart girl. She was also cheerful and friendly. She had many friends. In her school, Oak City Elementary School, she was known by almost of the teachers and peers. It was reasonable.
One evening, there was a new family moved into a house near Ellie’s. Coincidently, the house was faced with Ellie’s. The familiy had a child named Nathan. He was the only child. He would lived in that house with his parents and his grandmother. Nathan was closer with his grandmother than his parents whom busy to works. Nathan’s family presence was interested Ellie to came. It was a rarely to have people moving into those housing area. Ellie asked her mother to take her there.
“Hi,” Ellie said.
“Oh, hello. What are you doing here, Sweety? Do you want to visit?” Nathan's mother said friendly.
“Hi. I just take her here. She said she wanted to look around. She was curious with new people. I'm sorry if we bother you,” Ellie’s mother replied.
“Oh, no. No problem, it’s okay. What's your name?” Nathan’s father asked Ellie..
“I am Ellie,” she smiled.
“Ellie? How old are you, Dear?” Nathan’s grandmother whom was looking the flowers said.
“I am nine years old. I lived in that house,” said Ellie, pointing to her house.
“Oh really? Nathan is also nine. Do you want to play with him?" Nathan’s mother said.
“Who is Nathan?” asked Ellie, curiously.
“My son,” Nathan’s mother answered.
“Oh. Yes I do. I'm glad to have a new friend," Ellie answered with enthusiasm.
“Ellie, let’s go home first. Let them to tidy up their stuff first. It’s okay to play another time,” urged Ellie’s mother.
“It's okay, no need to hastily. Moreover also let Nathan have a new friend. So let it be, just a little while anyway. You can leave her, she'll be fine here,” said Nathan’s mother again.
“Okay, then. I'm sorry for the troublesome,” Ellie’s mother said, “I’ll go home first. Do not bother them,” she said to Ellie.
Ellie just smiled and looked at her mother. She was very eager to got acquainted with Nathan.
“Nathan, come here a minute,” said Nathan’s mother.
“What, ma'am?” he said.
Ellie was enchanted on the first sight. She was enchanted by a couple of beautiful eyes belonged to the boy.
“Hi,” said Ellie without waiting for Nathan’s mother answer his question.
“Nathan, come on. She was our neighbor. You must be good friends,” said Nathan’s mother.
“What? Friend? A girl? Oh no!” said Nathan to himself.
All these time he was rarely made friends with girls. If it were so, it would have been just as classmates. But never was much chatter or games which he did with the girls. Even with the boys were so. He was very picky to made friends. Only the certain children whom could and wanted to be his friends.
Vigorously Ellie stretched out her hand, she wanted to acquainted with Nathan. “Hi, my name is Ellie. I stayed at the house over there. Glad to meet you,” said Ellie friendly.
Long time no response from Nathan. He was silent and just looked at ellie. He was still stucked in the imagination of having a girl friend.
“Nathan, come on. Don’t make Ellie waiting for you,” said the Nathan’s father.
Lazily Nathan raised his hand and shook Ellie’s hand. “Hi, I am Nathan. Nice to meet you too,” Nathan answered, flat almost without expression whatsoever.
Nathan’s parents still busy tidying their luggage. Nathan whom were still reluctant to played with Ellie, pretended to helped his parents. Just to made Ellie felt that she was unwelcome there. Until all things tidied up, Nathan still pretended that he was busy.
“Nathan let’s getting in first, you have to take a rest. You have school tomorrow,” Nathan’s mother said from inside the house.
Nathan felt like he was rescued from the nuisance of the weird child, Ellie. He was hurry to got into the house. Ellie didn’t move from the place she stood. She was still fascinated with the beautiful brown eye-balls. She really wanted to be friends with Nathan. However, she could not keep standing in front of her new neighbor’s house. Finally she decided to went home.

***


The next morning at school, Ellie met again with Nathan. She was very happy to knew that Nathan was in the same school and became her classmate. But, Nathan, knowing he would be Ellie’s classmate made him felt very fortuneless. Imagine that each day he would met that nosy girl made him uncomfortable.
In class, Ellie remains the same. She tried to keep in touch Nathan, trying to made friends with him. However Nathan looked like a polar refrigerator in the class. He looked not an eye with his new friends. After a week, only Ellie who approached him. The other just treated him like classmates, not a playmate. Every break, he came to the cafeteria alone. He came home alone.
A month passed, Nathan got bored. He felt so lonely because he had no friends to chat. He told this to his grandmother.
“Maybe you need a little change. Your friends may be happy if there was a friendly and energetic Nathan, try it,” his grandmother suggested.
“It maybe true,” replied Nathan inside his heart.
In the morning, he tried his grandmother's suggestion. It is true, in the next week, he has already joined with their group. A week later he had a friend, a boy, Kyle. He felt better. However, in the next month, he felt lonely again.
“Grandma, I’ve tried to make a friendship with all the boys in my class. I also have a bestfriend. But why do I still feel lonely? Sometimes I feel like a stranger,” chirped Nathan to his grandmother.
“Don’t you make a friendship with other children as well? Did you just make relationship with the boy only?” said her grandmother, hoping Nathan understood what she meant.
Nathan understood. The next day, he tried to get along with some girls too. He does not want to be a foreign child in the class. A week later, they were already quite close. At least if compared to the Nathan’s first day in the classroom. But at the end of the month, Nathan complained again to his grandmother.
“Grandma, I’ve tried everything you said. But I feel there is still one thing that faze me. I do not feel like a stranger anymore. But sometimes, I still feel uncomfortable,” said Nathan.
“Are you sure? Are you sure you’ve been friends with all of them?” said his grandmother.
Nathan remembered, he did not make a friendship with all of them. There is still one person that he didn’t wanna talk about. His classmates who was very annoying. Ellie. Nathan was not sure he wanted to be friends with Ellie. Every day disturbed by Ellie made him saturated. But then he realized, that Ellie looks different this two weeks. She seldom came to him. Nathan remember, his last time talked to Ellie, he asked her not to disturb him again. Nathan also remembered how Ellie’s expression that time, she looked very disappointed. However unwittingly, Nathan missed her. He felt uncomfortable because there was a difference. No one who diligently greeted him, teased, or just annoyed him anymore. Even Kyle was not greeted him everyday even though they are bestfriend.
Finally, Nathan admitted that he missed Ellie’s warmth to him. But he was too prestige to started a conversation with Ellie. Nathan just hid away the discomfort, he covered it up for several months.

***


In one afternoon, on their first day back to school after the holidays, Ellie’s tire deflated. She did not know what to do, she did not dare to walked alone because the dusk was starting darkened. Nathan saw that. In his heart, he saw a chance to start a conversation with her. Nathan asked if Ellie wanted to went home with him.
“What? No thanks. If you want help me, you can go home first and tell my parents to pick me up,” said Ellie.
“But, it will take a long time. I think it’s better if we go home now. Before it’s getting darker,” said Nathan.
Ellie finally agreed, they went home together. Nathan took his chance to recovered their friendship. They talk a lot on their way home, they were getting more and more chummy. And it was a great day that was the beginning of a fabulous friendship. When they almost their, Nathan asked Ellie.
“Hmm, do you think we could be friends?” said Nathan shy.
“What? Hmm, well.... I’m not sure. I guess you’re upset with my presence. I am very annoying, right?” Ellie replied. She smiled, freak!
“Yes... I’ve always felt you were very disturbing,” said Nathan.
“How about now? Are you not worried that I’m going to bother you again?” said Ellie.
“Yes..... a little,” answered Nathan. They laughed together. “But I'm more worried if I would just feel more and more uncomfortable,” said Nathan.
“Why you should feel uncomfortable?” asked Ellie.
“I’m happy now, because I can make friendships with all the children in the class. But i think, I need real friends. Who true-hearted to be my friends. That still consider me a friend even when I do not consider them. I need something like that. I want you to want to be my friend,” said Nathan. He bowed his head, ashamed to admit it.
“Hahaha, are you kidding me? I may not be a good friend,” she answered shortly.
Nathan lifted his head. “Maybe. So do I. But, at least you have a sincerity. You also have such spirit. I wish you give me a little. Hahaha,” said Nathan. He was speechless and thought that an error had been happened inside his brain. Then he continued his words, “It doesn’t mean that I want you to be my friend just because I want to exploit you. I think I always need a friend like you. So, will you?” he said.
Ellie smiled. She felt the strength of a couple of beautiful brown eyes that wanted her to accept that request.
“Okay, I will. Let’s be friends,” she replied, holding up her little finger.
“Okay, annoyer,” Nathan said, holding up his little finger. “Let’s be friend forever,” he said.
“Just watch and see,” said Ellie. They tied their little finger and laughed together loudly.
Nathan’s grandmother, who had been watching them through the window, smiled. She was glad to know his grandson finally become a different person. He no longer picky friends. Since the first time she saw Ellie, she knew the girl had a tremendous spirit. She was convinced that the girl’s spirit could changed Nathan. She also believed that Ellie would be a true friend for Nathan.

***


Friends or bestfriends, is not about who they are, males or females, old or young, sucks or not. But they are the ones who can make us feel that we are really there, who want to waste their time just to greet us, who want to listen to our story, and not bored even though we are sucks too. We don’t need a lot of friends, we just need the real one.